The development, printing and distribution of this student textbook has been funded through the General Education Quality Improvement Project (GEQIP), which aims to improve the quality of education for Grades 1–12 students in government schools throughout Ethiopia. The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia received funding for GEQIP through credit/fnancing from the International Development Associations (IDA), the Fast Track Initiative Catalytic Fund (FTI CF) and other development partners – Finland, Italian Development Cooperation, the Netherlands and UK aid from the Department for International Development (DFID).

The Ministry of Education wishes to thank the many individuals, groups and other bodies involved – directly and indirectly – in publishing the textbook and accompanying teacher guide.

The publisher would like to thank the following for their kind permission to reproduce their photographs: (Key: b-bottom; c-centre; l-left; r-right; t-top) Alamy Images: David Ball 198r, Bruce Coleman Inc 55r, David J Green - electrical 71, Phil Degginger 127, Eureka 198l, Image Source 3, Ingram Publishing 57, mediacolor’s 55l, Mario Moreno 37l, Jonathan Nightingale 37r, North Wind Picture Archives 6, prodme 219, World History Archive 53, 68, World History Archive 53, 68; Corbis: Bettmann 54, 62, Bettmann 54, 62, Steve Boyle / NewSport 35; Getty Images: Juan Silva / The Image Bank 56; Science Photo Library Ltd: Professor Harold Edgerton 7, Kenneth Eward / Biografx 4, David Parker 231, Erich Schrempp 212t Cover images: Front: Alamy Images: Bruce Coleman Inc br; Getty Images: Juan Silva / The Image Bank tr; Science Photo Library Ltd: David Parker l All other images © Pearson Education Every effort has been made to trace the copyright holders and we apologise in advance for any unintentional omissions. We would be pleased to insert the appropriate acknowledgement in any subsequent edition of this publication.